Graduation of Dr Lei Tian

Congratulations to Dr Lei Tian, who graduated from her PhD in our lab!

(congratulations was a little late, but so was her thesis!)

Academic careers: closed calls exclude women

Old continental European universities such as the University of Leuven have a major problem with diversity at the professor rank. In Leuven, for example, the professor ranks are overwhelmingly old, straight, white Flemish males, with their PhD from the University of Leuven (and often even the same department!). It is the very epitome of an old boys club, and there is absolutely no desire to change it. In my first months as a professor at Leuven I had multiple professors tell me to my face that, as a foreigner, I had no right to be here, since the positions were needed for Flemish graduates. And such overt insularity is not even the biggest problem - in a way I appreciated the honesty - it is the behind-the-scenes stuff which excludes or drives out anyone who does not look like they belong in the boys club. The problem doesn't stop at recruitment either - if you are a foreigner or a woman who slips through the cracks, there are plenty of ways of stopping you. Disproportionate amounts of clinical duties, low internal grant success, delayed promotions, the list goes on.

It should be fairly obvious that excluding 99.8% of the population is a poor start to any selection criteria seeking excellence, but the defenders of the old guard claim the opposite - that the very reason why we can't recruit more women is that the system is meritocratic, and if the best candidate is a man we need to take a man. It is an attractive argument, but it begs the question as to why the "best candidate" is almost always a man. I would argue that it is the closed recruitment process so often used in Leuven that ensures that top women do not apply, giving us a net decrease in excellence.

In this article, Dr Mathias Nielsen looked at the numbers in Denmark, broken down into "open" and closed recruitment calls. In "open" calls, 23% of successful candidates were women, while in closed calls created for a single candidate, only 12% of successful candidates were women. In other words, there is a substantial pathway for political appointments, and it is being used to favour men. This is a smoking gun for equality campaigners - proof that the appointment system is being exploited to stack the deck in favour of men. The one good thing that can be said for Aarhus University is that they provided information for the study, rather than trying to hide it.

I've been in committees at the University of Leuven discussing this question, and I've never seen anything more serious than the cliched "we need to do something about childcare" proposal (particuarly offensive in a system with one of the best childcare support networks in the world, as I can personally attest to). Since I'm use to arguing to a brick-wall on this topic, I might as well throw my proposals into the internet void. So here they are, my proposals for the University to increase quality and diversity:

1. Reduce the number of new professorships markedly. Having swarms of new professors just divides funding into such small units that everyone sinks. Plus we'll need the cash for a few of my other proposals below.
2. Create tenured senior scientist positions. Professors are not the only critical people to research, yet they are the only ones to get tenure. What I see happening a lot is that a senior professor has a fantastic senior scientist (who might not even want to be a professor) and they know that the only way they can keep them is to get them a professorship. The position is duly created, applied for and gained, and now the senior professor has a junior professor who in practice stays a senior scientist. These positions are important so let's formally create them, but be honest about it. Having this process will free up professorship positions for actual independent researchers.
3. Link every professorship to an attractive startup package. Better to have one professor who manages to take-off (and brings in money for the university) than three who crash and burn (and then sit on a 30 year work contract). The lack of a start-up package is the number one barrier to external recruits, as it means you essentially waste the first year unless you have a local sugar-daddy mentor, which only political recruits have.
4. Change the absurd language laws for science professors. The students learning science need to learn professional-level English, so why not teach them in English from day one? It certainly doesn't help them if they can write scientific papers in Flemish but not English, and you drive away most of the international talent if you formally require Dutch language skills you don't actually need for the job. Right now, the written English skills of our science graduates are not up to an international standard, simply because the students have not been forced to practice.
5. Back-end load the teaching duties. Over and over again I see universities load up junior professors with so much teaching that they can't succeed in research - and once the window of opportunity is closed it never opens up again. No teaching duties for the first five years, and progressively increasing teaching duties after that. Don't let the oldest free-load.
6. All positions need to be open calls. And don't even pretend that this is the case right now. A call that is only made in Dutch on the university website and only has a single applicant is not an open call. An open call has international advertising in English. It comes with a start-up package and does not have ultra-narrow terms of reference.
7. Audit the advertising of positions. If particular advertisers are only sending men your way, then drop them and use other ones that are better at reaching the full candidate pool.
8. At a minimum, interview four candidates of international quality. At least two of those candidates need to be women, and at least two should be foreign. If you can't find four candidates of international quality, then either your position is rubbish or your call wasn't open. At the end of the interviews if the Flemish man was the top candidate, then by all means hire him - the big problem seems to be that women aren't even interviewed in the first place. Give good women a chance to get a toe in and don't worry, they'll look after themselves. No woman or foreigner is expecting a hand-out, they just want the chance to compete on an open-playing field.
9. Audit clinical duties. If a professorship position comes with 50% clinical duties and 50% research duties, then the clinic should only be able to put you on for 50% of time. Pretty obvious, right? Yet over and over I see clinical professors being given clinical duties that are more than full-time, giving no time to grow a research position. And since young clinical professorships are the one place where women often suceed in high numbers, the clinical duties workload sabotages women's careers. A lot of the suggestions here cannot be applied to clinical positions (i.e., international recruitment is far more difficult when part of the job is patient care), so extra scrutiny needs to fall on clinical research positions to ensure they are being used appropriately.
10. International panels for grants and hiring. It completely gets around local politics, taking away the biggest tool in the old boy's club's arsenal.  Academics work for practically nothing, so it is a complete no-brainer, and standard in places such as Norway and Finland.
11. Audit the university. Let's pull back the curtain and take a look. There are dozens of different processes for hiring professors, which ones are hiring successful women and international recruits, and which don't. Shift funding to the tools that are successful, and stop those that are not. Compare the different department - which have recruited successful women, and what processes did they use? Force the under-performing departments to change their hiring policies.
12. Make all positions tenure-track, and actually get rid of people who don't make the cut. It is the one chance to get rid of sub-par professors and re-open the position up, let's actually use it.
13. Hold heads of department responsible. All new professors need to be able to show their productive independence (grants as promoter, publications as last author) within five years. If they haven't, then either the wrong person was hired or they were not supported enough - both are the responsibility of the head of department. If a head of department's toes were roasted every time a new professor ends up as a glorified post-doc, then the practice would shut down fairly quickly.
14. Listen to proposals that make you uncomfortable. The same old policies will give the same old results, so at least listen to some uncomfortable truths.

Being a mother and a scientist

Worth a read

Graduation of Dr Anh Nuygen

Congratulations to Dr Anh Nuygen, who graduated with her PhD from our lab!

Actually doing something about gender imbalance in science

Doug Hilton, the director of WEHI (one of the premier immunology institutes in the world), has written an interesting article about redressing the gender imbalance in his institute. There are some good ideas (and a few not so good ideas) in this article, but the best thing is that he is actually doing something. The vast majority of institutes with a gender issue do nothing but arrange "women in science" training courses and assume that things are either impossible to fix, or will fix themselves with time.

Inspiring women in science, part VI

Rosalyn Yalow was born in the USA in 1921. She developed the radioimmunoassay technique, which can measure the concentration of hormones in blood, and studied insulin levels in diabetes. The figure above is of the electrophoresis of pure insulin-I181, of free insulin from the plasma of an control subject injected with insulin-I181, and of free and antibody-bound insulin from an insulin-treated subject injected with insulin-I181, from the paper “Insulin-I181 metabolism in human subjects: demonstration, of insulin binding globulin in the circulation of insulin treated subjects”, J Clin Invest, 1956; 35(2): 170–190. She received the Nobel Prize in 1977.

Like the quote by Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Rosalyn Yalow highlights the hope of science; however she also bears a warning. It is our responsibility to keep science alive. Inventing vaccines means little if, a generation after their transformative impact on humanity, we put them aside. The social forces aligned against science are strong, and we always need to understand that the advances that we have made as a species were not inevitable and are not immutable. Do not take for granted the luxuries (both physical and intellectual) given to us by science, for they shall fast dissapear if we do not support the bedrock of the scientific method that supports it all.

Inspiring women in science, part V

Rosalind Franklin was born in England in 1920. She produced the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, and independently determined that DNA was helical and that the phosphate groups were on the outside. The figure above is from “Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate”, published in Nature, 1953; 171:740-741, in the same issue as the paper published by Watson and Crick. She later led work on the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus and the polio virus. She died in 1958 from ovarian cancer.

As an aside, this is pretty close to something I tell all potential students in my lab: science is a lifestyle choice more than a career. As evidence, I am posting this from the lab on a Sunday afternoon.

Inspiring women in science, part IV

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard was born in Germany in 1942. She and Eric Wieschaus identified many of the genes that control the embryonic development of Drosophila. The figure above is of a wildtype fruitfly embryo, and those homozygous for mutations in Krüppel, hunchback, and knirps, from “Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila”, Nature, 1980; 287:795-801. She is also associated with the discovery of Toll, which led to the identification of toll-like receptors. She received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 for her discoveries into how complex multicellular organisms develop from single cells. The quote below is from her 2006 book, “Coming to Life: How Genes Drive Development”.

Clearly, biology is the most interesting of the sciences.

Inspiring women in science, part III

Elizabeth Blackburn was born in Australia in 1948. She and Carol Greider discovered telomerase. Telomerase is an enzyme that loss of important DNA from chromosome ends by adding extra bits of DNA to the end of strands, and plays a role in aging and cancer. The figure above is DNA from a telomerase enzyme reaction, from “Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts”, published in Cell, 1985; 43:405–413. She received the Nobel Prize in 2009. When questioned about the large number of women working on telomeres, she replied that “it’s fairly close to the biological ratio of men and women. It’s all the other fields that are aberrant.”

Inspiring women in science, part II

Lise Meitner was born in Austria in 1879. She and Otto Hahn discovered the first long-lived isotope of protactinium and articulated how the nucleus of an atom could be split into smaller parts in their paper “Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: A New Type of Nuclear Reaction” published in Nature in 1939. The figure above illustrates fission fragments in an uranium-lined ionization chamber connected to an oscillograph. The large pulses were caused by ionization bursts of fast moving nuclei from uranium bombarded by neutrons. Element 109, meitnerium, is named in her honour.

To me, this quote counters the argument that theologists often direct to athiests - that to not believe in the supernatural is to live in a world that is flat and dull. No! Far from it! To pull away the curtains of silly supernatural explanations is to allow yourself to peak at reality, a truth that is far more awe-inspiring and magestic then anything that could have been invented by primitive desert-dwellers.